Antiquity
Egypt
In ancient times, wigs were particularly widespread in Egypt. Egyptians shaved their heads to protect themselves from the heat and lice and wore wigs made of human hair or wool fibers secured with beeswax. These wigs were often elaborately designed and symbolized social status. Pharaohs and high-ranking officials wore particularly magnificent wigs decorated with gold pearls and precious stones.
Greece and Rome
People in Greece and Rome also wore wigs, although less for practical reasons than for fashion. Roman women often wore blond wigs made from the hair of Germanic slave women to change their own hair color and give their appearance an exotic touch. For men, wigs were also a sign of wealth and power.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, wigs became largely unpopular in Europe, primarily due to the influence of the Christian Church, which emphasized simplicity and modesty. Wigs were viewed as vain and unnecessary, and wearing one was often considered a sign of moral depravity. There were exceptions, however, such as in the Byzantine Empire, where wigs were still worn in some cases.
Renaissance
Italy and France
With the advent of the Renaissance and the revival of ancient cultures and fashions, wigs also experienced a comeback. In Italy and France, wigs were worn by aristocrats and wealthy citizens to conceal hair loss or add a fashionable touch. Wigs of this period were often made of human hair or expensive materials such as silk and were elaborately designed.
Influence of art
The Renaissance was a time of rediscovery of the arts and sciences, and this cultural revival was also reflected in fashion. Wigs became an important accessory for those who wanted to flaunt their status and sophistication. Painters and sculptors of this period often captured their wealthy patrons with magnificent wigs, further fueling the fashionable trend.
Baroque and Rococo
Louis XIV and the spread of fashion
The wig's heyday was in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially during the reign of King Louis XIV of France (1638–1715). Louis XIV made the wig fashionable to conceal his own hair loss and emphasize his royal status. This fashion quickly spread at the French court and later throughout Europe.
Wigs as a status symbol
Wigs became an indispensable status symbol of the nobility. They were often elaborately designed, powdered, and decorated with various accessories such as feathers, bows, and precious stones. The size and splendor of the wig directly correlated with the wearer's social rank. Men and women wore different styles, with men often preferring larger and more imposing wigs.
19th century
Changing fashion trends
In the 19th century, the popularity of wigs declined. Fashion movements of the time favored more natural hairstyles, and complicated and difficult-to-maintain wigs were increasingly considered impractical. Wigs were still worn mainly by older men who adhered to older fashion styles, or on special occasions.
Political and social changes
The French Revolution and the subsequent social upheavals brought with it a rejection of aristocratic excesses. Wigs, as a symbol of the old elite, lost their significance. Instead, a simpler and more natural aesthetic gained popularity.
20th century to the present day
Revival in film and fashion
In the 20th century, wigs experienced a revival, primarily in the entertainment industry. Actors and actresses wear wigs to portray various roles. Wigs are also used in the fashion world to create creative and diverse looks. Wigs are now available in a wide variety of styles and colors, made from synthetic fibers or real hair.
Medical use
Wigs also serve an important medical function. People who have lost their hair due to illness, chemotherapy, or other treatments can wear wigs to boost their self-confidence and well-being. Today, there are specialized wigs for medical purposes that look natural and are comfortable to wear.
Cultural significance
Wigs also play a role in various cultural and religious contexts. For example, some Orthodox Jewish women wear wigs (sheitels) as part of their religious practice. In drag culture, wigs are an integral part of performance and expression.
The history of the wig demonstrates how fashion and social norms have changed over the centuries. From practical reasons in ancient times to fashion statements in the Baroque period to medical applications in modern times, wigs have fulfilled diverse meanings and functions. They remain a fascinating example of the diverse expressions of human culture and identity.